Website positioning, J., Polster, J., Israelow, B., Corbett-Helaire, Ok. S. & Martinez, D. R. Challenges for creating broad-based mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses. Nat. Biotechnol. 42, 1765–1767 (2024).
Afkhami, S. et al. Respiratory mucosal supply of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine offers strong safety in opposition to each ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Cell 185, 896–915 e819 (2022).
Hassan, A. O. et al. A single-dose intranasal ChAd vaccine protects higher and decrease respiratory tracts in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. Cell 183, 169–184.e113 (2020).
Collier, A. Y. et al. Characterization of immune responses in totally vaccinated people after breakthrough an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabn6150 (2022).
Tang, J. et al. Respiratory mucosal immunity in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination. Sci. Immunol. 7, eadd4853 (2022).
Israelow, B. et al. Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and safety in mouse fashions of SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabl4509 (2021).
Chen, J. et al. A stay attenuated virus-based intranasal COVID-19 vaccine offers speedy, extended, and broad safety in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Bull. 67, 1372–1387 (2022).
Le Nouen, C. et al. Intranasal pediatric parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protecting in monkeys. Cell 185, 4811–4825.e4817 (2022).
Bricker, T. L. et al. A single intranasal or intramuscular immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protects in opposition to pneumonia in hamsters. Cell Rep. 36, 109400 (2021).
McMahan, Ok. et al. Mucosal boosting enhances vaccine safety in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques. Nature 626, 385–391 (2024).
Lavelle, E. C. & Ward, R. W. Mucosal vaccines—fortifying the frontiers. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 236–250 (2022).
Pulendran, B., Arunachalam, P. S. & O’Hagan, D. T. Rising ideas within the science of vaccine adjuvants. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 454–475 (2021).
Ben-Akiva, E., Chapman, A., Mao, T. & Irvine, D. J. Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of motion to perform. Sci. Immunol. 10, eado5937 (2025).
De Gregorio, E., Tritto, E. & Rappuoli, R. Alum adjuvanticity: unraveling a century previous thriller. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 2068–2071 (2008).
Lavelle, E. C. & McEntee, C. P. Vaccine adjuvants: tailoring innate recognition to ship the suitable message. Immunity 57, 772–789 (2024).
Zhao, T. et al. Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Sign Transduct. Goal. Ther. 8, 283 (2023).
Wakabayashi, A., Shimizu, M., Shinya, E. & Takahashi, H. HMGB1 launched from intestinal epithelia broken by cholera toxin adjuvant contributes to activation of mucosal dendritic cells and induction of intestinal cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IgA. Cell Loss of life Dis. 9, 631 (2018).
Meng, S. et al. Intranasal immunization with recombinant HA and mast cell activator C48/80 elicits protecting immunity in opposition to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in mice. PLoS ONE 6, e19863 (2011).
Xu, L. et al. Intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated virus and mast cell activator C48/80 elicits protecting immunity in opposition to influenza H1 however not H5. Immunol. Make investments. 43, 224–235 (2014).
Qin, T. et al. Mucosal vaccination for influenza safety enhanced by catalytic immune-adjuvant. Adv. Sci. 7, 2000771 (2020).
McLachlan, J. B. et al. Mast cell activators: a brand new class of extremely efficient vaccine adjuvants. Nat. Med. 14, 536–541 (2008).
Van Herck, S., Feng, B. & Tang, L. Supply of STING agonists for adjuvanting subunit vaccines. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 179, 114020 (2021).
Wang, X. et al. STING agonist-based ER-targeting molecules increase antigen cross-presentation. Nature 641, 202–210 (2025).
Li, L. et al. Hydrolysis of two′3′-cGAMP by ENPP1 and design of nonhydrolyzable analogs. Nat. Chem. Biol. 10, 1043–1048 (2014).
Chauveau, L. et al. Inclusion of cGAMP inside virus-like particle vaccines enhances their immunogenicity. EMBO Rep. 22, e52447 (2021).
Liu, Z. et al. A novel STING agonist-adjuvanted pan-sarbecovirus vaccine elicits potent and sturdy neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice, rabbits and NHPs. Cell Res. 32, 269–287 (2022).
Liu, Z. et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 and JN.1 by CF501 adjuvant-enhanced immune responses concentrating on the conserved epitopes in ancestral RBD. Cell Rep. Med. 5, 101445 (2024).
Liu, Z. et al. A pan-sarbecovirus vaccine based mostly on RBD of SARS-CoV-2 unique pressure elicits potent neutralizing antibodies in opposition to XBB in non-human primates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2221713120 (2023).
Li, T. & Chen, Z. J. The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA injury to irritation, senescence, and most cancers. J. Exp. Med. 215, 1287–1299 (2018).
Gehrcken, L., Deben, C., Smits, E. & Van Audenaerde, J. R. M. STING agonists and learn how to attain their full potential in most cancers immunotherapy. Adv. Sci. 12, e2500296 (2025).
Zhou, Y. et al. Enhancement versus neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from a convalescent donor associates with distinct epitopes on the RBD. Cell Rep. 34, 108699 (2021).
Ying, T. et al. Exceptionally potent neutralization of Center East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 88, 7796–7805 (2014).
Li, Ok. et al. Mouse-adapted MERS coronavirus causes deadly lung illness in human DPP4 knockin mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E3119–E3128 (2017).
Cromer, D. et al. Prospects for sturdy immune management of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21, 395–404 (2021).
Pizzolla, A. et al. Resident reminiscence CD8+ T cells within the higher respiratory tract forestall pulmonary influenza virus an infection. Sci. Immunol. 2, eaam6970 (2017).
Channappanavar, R. & Perlman, S. Age-related susceptibility to coronavirus infections: function of impaired and dysregulated host immunity. J. Clin. Make investments. 130, 6204–6213 (2020).
Camell, C. D. et al. Senolytics scale back coronavirus-related mortality in previous mice. Science 373, eabe4832 (2021).
Jin, S. et al. Inference and evaluation of cell-cell communication utilizing CellChat. Nat. Commun. 12, 1088 (2021).
Ye, T. et al. Inhaled SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for single-dose dry powder aerosol immunization. Nature 624, 630–638 (2023).
Wilson-Welder, J. H. et al. Vaccine adjuvants: present challenges and future approaches. J. Pharm. Sci. 98, 1278–1316 (2009).
Wang, J., Li, P. & Wu, M. X. Pure STING agonist as an “very best” adjuvant for cutaneous vaccination. J. Make investments. Dermatol. 136, 2183–2191 (2016).
Ge, X. Y. et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that makes use of the ACE2 receptor. Nature 503, 535–538 (2013).
Zeng, L. P. et al. Cross-neutralization of SARS coronavirus-specific antibodies in opposition to bat SARS-like coronaviruses. Sci. China Life Sci. 60, 1399–1402 (2017).
Liu, M. Q. et al. A SARS-CoV-2-related virus from Malayan pangolin causes lung an infection with out extreme illness in human ACE2-transgenic mice. J. Virol. 97, e0171922 (2023).
Liu, Z. et al. RBD-Fc-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate induces extremely potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response. Sign Transduct. Goal. Ther. 5, 282 (2020).
Liu, Z. et al. An ultrapotent pan-beta-coronavirus lineage B (beta-CoV-B) neutralizing antibody locks the receptor-binding area in closed conformation by concentrating on its conserved epitope. Protein Cell 13, 655–675 (2022).
Xing, L. et al. Early fusion intermediate of ACE2-using coronavirus spike appearing as an antiviral goal. Cell 188, 1297–1314.e1224 (2025).
Wang, Y. et al. Kinetics of viral load and antibody response in relation to COVID-19 severity. J. Clin. Make investments. 130, 5235–5244 (2020).
