Amid the escalating city warmth island results and rising hearth hazards pushed by local weather change and fast urbanization, buildings face two parallel challenges: extreme warmth accumulation and heightened hearth vulnerability. Multifunctional floor supplies that combine passive radiative cooling (PRC) and flame retardant (FR) have emerged as promising options for enhancing each power effectivity and hearth security. By synergistically combining PRC and FR functionalities, these supplies can replicate photo voltaic radiation and emit warmth to scale back floor temperatures, whereas concurrently inhibiting ignition, slowing flame unfold, and suppressing poisonous smoke through gas-phase and condensed-phase mechanisms. This evaluation presents a complete overview of their working ideas, efficiency analysis strategies, and materials classifications of such supplies, specializing in 4 most important methods: natural polymer-based supplies, polymer–inorganic composites, bio-based supplies, and different materials methods. Explicit emphasis is positioned on the connection amongst supplies, construction, and properties, methods for integrating multifunctionality, and the affect of environmental circumstances on long-term efficiency. Key challenges associated to local weather adaptability, out of doors sturdiness, and filler dispersion are mentioned to information future analysis. These supplies provide a promising pathway towards energy-efficient, fire-safe, and climate-resilient buildings.
