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Wednesday, October 22, 2025

Sodium plating on exhausting carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries: mechanisms, detection, and mitigation methods


In mild of sodium’s abundance and value benefits, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) signify a promising different to lithium‐ion batteries. The industrial adoption of exhausting carbon (HC) as an anode materials—attributed to its low sodiation potential, excessive Na⁺ storage capability, and intensive availability—additional reinforces the potential of SIBs. However, the inherent thermodynamic instability of HC anodes predisposes them to irreversible Na plating throughout operation. This phenomenon not solely poses appreciable security hazards attributable to dendrite‐induced quick circuits but in addition accelerates capability degradation, thereby undermining the feasibility of huge‐scale SIB deployment. This assessment comprehensively delineates the mechanisms underlying Na plating on HC anodes by analyzing inside components—reminiscent of electrode construction, N/P ratio, and electrolyte composition—in addition to exterior components together with state of cost, low temperature, and quick charging circumstances. It additional particulars varied detection strategies, encompassing each electrochemical methods and bodily characterization of floor morphologies, and descriptions mitigation methods reminiscent of electrode construction design, floor coating, and electrolyte regulation to suppress plating. By synthesizing present understanding, the assessment posits future instructions for growing safer, excessive‐efficiency SIB anodes. Addressing Na plating is thus crucial for advancing SIB know-how towards massive‐scale software.

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