Continual nonhealing wounds characterize a considerable healthcare burden, affecting roughly 500 million people worldwide [1], [2]. These wounds, that are outlined as affected websites which have didn’t heal over 6 weeks, are characterised by an incapability to revive operate and anatomical integrity [3]. Financially, to the worldwide healthcare price for managing persistent wound-related problems has exceeded US$8 billion annual since 2020 [4].
The complexity of persistent wounds lies of their resistance to the everyday wound therapeutic course of. Sometimes, regular wound therapeutic includes three distinct levels of tissue regeneration: irritation, new tissue formation and tissue reworking [5], [6]. Nevertheless, this course of is usually disrupted by elements, reminiscent of diabetes, an infection, ischemia, metabolic circumstances, immunosuppression, and radiation [7], [8], [9]. For example, diabetes negatively impacts wound therapeutic as a consequence of hyperglycemic tissue exudate [10], oxidative stress response [11], and neurovascular illnesses [12]. Particularly, the continual exudation from diabetic wounds creates a good surroundings for bacterial development [13]. The following proinflammatory response can impair important mobile capabilities like angiogenesis and cell migration, finally hindering the therapeutic course of [14].
Regardless of varied interventions, efficient therapy for persistent wounds stays a problem. To this point, interventions reminiscent of development elements, extracellular matrix, engineered pores and skin, and negative-pressure wound remedy have been developed for persistent wounds, but they’ve proven solely reasonably efficient [15]. Commonplace-of-care wound dressings are primarily passive, missing the power to actively response and regulate the wound web site’s micro-environment to advertise therapeutic [16]. Janus-structured programs have emerged as a extremely progressive and promising technique in supplies design, attracting important consideration as a consequence of their distinctive functionality to combine multifunctional platforms by way of numerous structural configurations. These configurations embody side-by-side of two or three part preparations in fibers or particles, in addition to dual-layer useful organizations. Leveraging their versatile architectures, Janus programs have enabled broad-spectrum purposes, together with bioinspired interface engineering, exact mobile regulation, and spatiotemporally managed drug supply [17], [18], [19]. Amongst them, wound dressings that incorporate Janus topology with uneven wettability and stimuli-responsiveness (e.g., pH) reveal nice promise for successfully managing extreme wound exudate and accelerating tissue restore [20]. Numerous 2D/3D supplies, together with foams [21], sponges [22], hydrogels [23], and fibers [10], have been used to manufacture Janus wound dressings, leveraging their superior liquid absorption capabilities. For example, Lan et al. described a self-pumping organohydrogen dressing that drains extreme exudates by way of inside hydrophilic fractal microchannels [24]. Regardless of these developments, Janus supplies seldom tackle the controllability of liquid transportation and adaptableness to advanced wound microenvironments. Moreover, their functionalities for wound therapeutic, reminiscent of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties, are sometimes inadequate.
Electrospun nanofiber-based dressings characterize a transformative strategy to addressing important limitations in persistent wound administration. These biomaterials uniquely replicate the size (nanometer-level diameters, sometimes 50–500 nm) and hierarchical structure (random or aligned fibers mimicking of collagen fibril group) of native ECM element, together with the collagen, elastin, and fibronectin [25], [26], [27]. Past structural mimicry, their porous 3D structure and huge floor area-to-volume ratio create a microenvironment that actively promotes mobile behaviors important for tissue restore, together with the fibroblast adhesion, keratinocyte migration and endothelial cell proliferation. Collectively, these properties synergize to speed up re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, key phases in persistent wound therapeutic [28]. Their porous constructions additionally make them appropriate for drug loading and launch [29]. The continuity of electrospun nanofibers permits for the customization of Janus dressings thickness on the micrometer scale, enabling delicate exudate transport. For diabetic wounds, monitoring an infection and inflammation-related elements in real-time is crucial for correct diagnose and therapy. The dynamic interaction amongst pH, irritation, and an infection is essential for advancing sensible wound care applied sciences [30]. Significantly, wound pH serves as a dynamic biomarker reflecting the physiological state of the therapeutic cascade: acute and usually healed wounds sometimes keep a weakly acidic microenvironment (pH= 4–6), whereas persistent wounds usually exhibit elevated pH ranges (pH = 7–9) as a consequence of extended irritation and bacterial colonization [31]. Towards this backdrop, real-time pH monitoring can provide twin advantages of an infection alert and therapeutic monitoring, thereby guiding well timed therapeutic changes [32].
On this work, we talk a self-pumping, pH-responsive Janus wound dressing (J-CPC) that mixes a nanofiber layer of curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL/Cur) (fiber diameter: ∼500 nm) with a microfiber-based cotton gauze (CG) (fiber diameter: ∼20 μm). The dressing incorporates a gradient porous construction and uneven wettability (contact angle: ∼107° for PCL/Cur layer vs. 0° for CG layer) that facilitates the self-pumping elimination of wound exudate. This reduces wound edge maceration by ∼47 % in comparison with typical cotton dressings, thereby creating an optimum microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The dressing capitalizes on Cur’s pharmacological actions and immunomodulation capabilities, exhibiting potent antibacterial (>99 % inhibition in opposition to S. aureus with 25 mg/mL J-CPC), antioxidant (>90 % DPPH radical scavenging inside 10 min), and anti inflammatory results. Moreover, the J-CPC dressing supplies a colorimetric pH response capability, permitting for the real-time monitoring of wound circumstances. In vivo research utilizing a diabetic mouse mannequin validate its efficacy in selling dermis regeneration, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, thereby accelerating the wound therapeutic course of.
