Kiela PR, Ghishan FK. Physiology of intestinal absorption and secretion. Finest Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;30(2):145–59.
Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic influence of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):903.
Chen L, Wang J. Intestine microbiota and inflammatory bowel illness. WIREs Mech Dis. 2022;14(2):e1540.
Rugge M, Bricca L, Guzzinati S, Sacchi D, Pizzi M, Savarino E, et al. Autoimmune gastritis: long-term pure historical past in naïve Helicobacter pylori-negative sufferers. Intestine. 2023;72(1):30–8.
Niu N, Shen X, Wang Z, Chen Y, Weng Y, Yu F, Tang Y, Lu P, Liu M, Wang L, et al. Tumor cell-intrinsic epigenetic dysregulation shapes cancer-associated fibroblasts heterogeneity to metabolically help pancreatic most cancers. Most cancers Cell. 2024;42(5):869–e849.
Wu H, Lv B, Zhi L, Shao Y, Liu X, Mitteregger M, Chakaroun R, Tremaroli V, Hazen SL, Wang R, et al. Microbiome–metabolome dynamics related to impaired glucose management and responses to life-style modifications. Nat Med. 2025;31(7):2222–31.
Wu Z, Wu R, Li X, Wang X, Tang X, Tan Okay, Wan M, Mao C, Xu X, Jiang H, et al. Multi-Pathway microenvironment regulation for atherosclerosis remedy based mostly on Beta-Cyclodextrin/L-Arginine/Au nanomotors with Twin-Mode Propulsion. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse. Germany). 2022;18(9):e2104120.
Wu Z, Chen L, Guo W, Wang J, Ni H, Liu J, Jiang W, Shen J, Mao C, Zhou M, Wan M. Oral mitochondrial transplantation utilizing nanomotors to deal with ischaemic coronary heart illness. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024;19(9):1375–85.
Zhao J, Jia W, Zhang R, Wang X, Zhang L. Bettering Curcumin bioavailability: focused supply of Curcumin and loading programs in intestinal irritation. Meals Res Int. 2024;196:115079.
Zhang Y, Yu R, Zhao C, Liang J, Zhang Y, Su H, et al. CAFs homologous biomimetic liposome bearing BET inhibitor and pirfenidone synergistically selling antitumor efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adv Sci. 2024;11(1):2305279.
Liu S, Chen B, Feng Y, Gao C, Du D, Jiang T, et al. Helical hydrogel micromotors for supply of neural stem cells and restoration of neural connectivity. Chem Eng J. 2024;479:147745.
Ou L, Liu Okay, Zhang Y, Li W, Liang Z, Lei D, et al. Mof coating enhances the ion tolerance of micromotors. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2025;64(31):e202508001.
Lu X, Ou H, Wei Y, Ding X, Wang X, Zhao C, et al. Superfast fuel-free tubular hydrophobic micromotors powered by ultrasound. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2022;372:132667.
Wang Y, Chen W, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Wu Okay, et al. NIR-II mild powered uneven hydrogel nanomotors for enhanced immunochemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2023;62(3):e202212866.
Liu J, Yang Z, Yan Z, Duan S, Chen X, Cui D, et al. Chemical micromotors transfer sooner at Oil–water interfaces. J Am Chem Soc. 2024;146(6):4221–33.
Zhong D, Li W, Qi Y, He J, Zhou M. Photosynthetic biohybrid nanoswimmers system to alleviate tumor hypoxia for FL/PA/MR imaging-guided enhanced radio-photodynamic synergetic remedy. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(17):1910395.
Wang Z-H, Zeng X, Huang W, Yang Y, Zhang S, Yang M, et al. Bioactive nanomotor enabling environment friendly intestinal barrier penetration for colorectal most cancers remedy. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):1678.
Wan MM, Chen H, Da Wang Z, Liu ZY, Yu YQ, Li L, et al. Nitric oxide-driven nanomotor for deep tissue penetration and multidrug resistance reversal in most cancers remedy. Adv Sci. 2021;8(3):2002525.
Zhang W, Xiang Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Zhang L, Guo J, Cong R, Yu W, Liang X-J, Zhang J, Liu D. Multi-phoretic nanomotor with constant movement route for enhanced most cancers remedy. Acta Biomater. 2025;191:352–68.
Liu X, Chen W, Zhao D, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. Enzyme-powered hole nanorobots for lively microsampling enabled by thermoresponsive polymer gating. ACS Nano. 2022;16(7):10354–63.
Liu L, Li X, Chen Y, Gao J, Jiang Y, Ye Y, et al. Gout administration utilizing uricase and sodium citrate hole mesoporous nanomotors. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):2339.
Zhang F, Li Z, Duan Y, Abbas A, Mundaca-Uribe R, Yin L, et al. Gastrointestinal tract drug supply utilizing algae motors embedded in a degradable capsule. Sci Robotic. 2022;7(70):eabo4160.
Ren A, Hu J, Qin C, Xia N, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Han M, Zhang L, Ma L. Oral administration microrobots for drug supply. Bioact Mater. 2024;39:163–90.
Wang L, Guo P, Jin D, Peng Y, Solar X, Chen Y, et al. Enzyme-powered tubular microrobotic jets as bioinspired micropumps for lively transmembrane drug transport. ACS Nano. 2023;17(5):5095–107.
Liu M, Pan L, Piao H, Solar H, Huang X, Peng C, Liu Y. Magnetically actuated wormlike nanomotors for managed cargo launch. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(47):26017–21.
Chen L, Fang D, Zhang J, Xiao X, Li N, Li Y, Wan M, Mao C. Nanomotors-loaded microneedle patches for the remedy of bacterial biofilm-related infections of wound. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;647:142–51.
Jiang J, Hu J, Li M, Luo M, Dong B, Sitti M, et al. NIR-II fluorescent thermophoretic nanomotors for superficial tumor photothermal remedy. Adv Mater. 2025;37(10):2417440.
Yang M, Guo X, Mou F, Guan J. Lighting up micro-/nanorobots with fluorescence. Chem Rev. 2023;123(7):3944–75.
Aziz A, Pane S, Iacovacci V, Koukourakis N, Czarske J, Menciassi A, Medina-Sánchez M, Schmidt OG. Medical imaging of microrobots: towards in vivo purposes. ACS Nano. 2020;14(9):10865–93.
Hou Okay, Zhang Y, Bao M, Xin C, Wei Z, Lin G, et al. A multifunctional magnetic crimson blood cell-mimetic micromotor for drug supply and image-guided remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;14(3):3825–37.
Li T, Chen T, Chen H, Wang Q, Liu Z, Fang L, et al. Engineered platelet-based micro/nanomotors for most cancers remedy. Small. 2021;17(52):2104912.
Shen J, He R, He J, Liao L, Huang Y, Min S, Feng X, Chen B, Wang B. Oscillating magnetic area induced bone harm restore by utilizing Drug-Free micromotors. Superior Science. 2025;12(36):e03254 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202503254
Fan X, Zhang Z, Gao W, Pan Q, Luo Okay, He B, et al. An engineered butyrate-derived polymer nanoplatform as a mucosa-healing enhancer potentiates the therapeutic impact of Magnolol in inflammatory bowel illness. ACS Nano. 2024;18(1):229–44.
Xu T, Xu L-P, Zhang X. Ultrasound propulsion of micro-/nanomotors. Appl Mater Immediately. 2017;9:493–503.
Jang B, Hong A, Kang HE, Alcantara C, Charreyron S, Mushtaq F, et al. Multiwavelength light-responsive Au/B-TiO2 Janus micromotors. ACS Nano. 2017;11(6):6146–54.
Su Y, Zhang B, Solar R, Liu W, Zhu Q, Zhang X, et al. PLGA-based biodegradable microspheres in drug supply: latest advances in analysis and utility. Drug Deliv. 2021;28(1):1397–418.
Akolpoglu MB, Alapan Y, Dogan NO, Baltaci SF, Yasa O, Aybar Tural G, et al. Magnetically steerable bacterial microrobots transferring in 3D organic matrices for stimuli-responsive cargo supply. Sci Adv. 2022;8(28):eabo6163. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo6163
Luo R, Liu J, Cheng Q, Shionoya M, Gao C, Wang R. Oral microsphere formulation of M2 macrophage-mimetic Janus nanomotor for focused remedy of ulcerative colitis. Sci Adv. 2024;10(26):eado6798.
Yu L, Yang M, Guan J, Mou F. Ultrasmall Fe(2)O(3) tubular nanomotors: the primary instance of swarming photocatalytic nanomotors working in high-electrolyte media. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(8):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081370
Dong Y, Wang L, Wang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Jin D, et al. Graphene-based helical micromotors constructed by microscale liquid rope-coil impact with microfluidics. ACS Nano. 2020;14(12):16600–13.
Srivastava SK, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL, Boisen A. Micromotors for drug supply in vivo: the highway forward. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019;138:41–55.
Mayorga-Martinez CC, Zelenka J, Grmela J, Michalkova H, Ruml T, Mareš J, Pumera M. Swarming aqua sperm micromotors for lively bacterial biofilms elimination in confined areas (Adv. Sci. 19/2021). Adv Sci. 2021;8(19):2170129.
Li J, Angsantikul P, Liu W, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Thamphiwatana S, Xu M, Sandraz E, Wang X, Delezuk J, Gao W, et al. Micromotors spontaneously neutralize gastric acid for pH-Responsive payload launch. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2017;56(8):2156–61.
Yang J, Ye J, Li R, Li R, Liu X, Han J, Yang Y, Ran N, Yuan M, Zhang Z, et al. Nanozyme-functionalized microalgal biohybrid microrobots in inflammatory bowel illness remedy. Biomaterials. 2025;319:123231.
Srinivasan SS, Alshareef A, Hwang AV, Kang Z, Kuosmanen J, Ishida Okay, et al. Robocap: robotic mucus-clearing capsule for enhanced drug supply within the gastrointestinal tract. Sci Robotic. 2022;7(70):eabp9066.
Zhou Y, Chen Z, Zhao D, Li D, He C, Chen X. A pH-triggered self-unpacking capsule containing zwitterionic hydrogel-coated MOF nanoparticles for environment friendly oral Exendin-4 supply. Adv Mater. 2021;33(32):e2102044.
Karshalev E, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Angsantikul P, Tang S, Mundaca-Uribe R, Zhang F, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotor tablets as a dynamic oral supply platform. ACS Nano. 2018;12(8):8397–405.
Durán-Lobato M, Niu Z, Alonso MJ. Oral supply of biologics for precision medication. Superior supplies (Deerfield seashore Fla). 2020;32(13):e1901935.
Zhang T, Zhu G, Lu B, Qian Z, Peng Q. Protein corona shaped within the gastrointestinal tract and its impacts on oral supply of nanoparticles. Med Res Rev. 2021;41(3):1835-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21767
Nugent SG, Kumar D, Rampton DS, Evans DF. Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel illness: potential determinants and implications for remedy with aminosalicylates and different medication. Intestine. 2001;48(4):571–7.
Han EJ, Ahn JS, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Choi JS, Chung HJ. Exploring the intestine microbiome: A possible biomarker for most cancers prognosis, prognosis, and remedy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Most cancers. 2025:1880(1):189251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189251
Luis AS, Hansson GC. Intestinal mucus and their glycans: a habitat for thriving microbiota. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(7):1087–100.
Subramanian DA, Langer R, Traverso G. Mucus interplay to enhance gastrointestinal retention and pharmacokinetics of orally administered nano-drug supply programs. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):362.
Huang Y, Wu C, Dai J, Liu B, Cheng X, Li X, et al. Tunable self-thermophoretic nanomotors with polymeric coating. J Am Chem Soc. 2023;145(36):19945–52.
Yang H, Wang L, Huang X. MOF-based micro/nanomotors (MOFtors): latest progress and challenges. Coord Chem Rev. 2023;495:215372.
Sitti M. Miniature units: voyage of the microrobots. Nature. 2009;458(7242):1121–2.
Zhou S, Zhao W, Hu J, Mao C, Zhou M. Utility of nanotechnology in thrombus remedy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12(7):e2202578.
Yang Z, Wang L, Gao Z, Hao X, Luo M, Yu Z, et al. Ultrasmall enzyme-powered Janus nanomotor working in blood circulation system. ACS Nano. 2023;17(6):6023–35.
Wu Z, Chen L, Guo W, Wang J, Ni H, Liu J, et al. Oral mitochondrial transplantation utilizing nanomotors to deal with ischaemic coronary heart illness. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024;19(9):1375-85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01681-7
Venugopalan PL, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Pal M, Ghosh A, Wang J. Improbable voyage of nanomotors into the cell. ACS Nano. 2020;14(8):9423–39.
Huang S, Gao Y, Lv Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Zhao W, et al. Functions of nano/micromotors for remedy and prognosis in organic lumens. Micromachines. 2022;13(10):1780 . https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101780
Zha S, Liu H, Li H, Li H, Wong KL, All AH. Functionalized nanomaterials able to crossing the blood-brain barrier. ACS Nano. 2024;18(3):1820–45.
Kim J, Mayorga-Burrezo P, Tune SJ, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Medina-Sánchez M, Pané S, et al. Superior supplies for micro/nanorobotics. Chem Soc Rev. 2024;53:9190-9253. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00777D
Tune Y, Ou J, Miao J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Tian H, et al. Magnetically powered microrobotic swarm for built-in mechanical/photothermal/photodynamic thrombolysis. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202403440.
Lei L, Wang X, Zhu Y, Su W, Lv Q, Li D. Antimicrobial hydrogel microspheres for protein seize and wound therapeutic. Mater Des. 2022;215:110478.
Yang L, Liu Y, Solar L, Zhao C, Chen G, Zhao Y. Biomass microcapsules with stem cell encapsulation for bone restore. Nano-Micro Lett. 2021;14(1):4.
Shi J, Zhou J, Liu B, Lin Okay, Xie X, Han X, Sheng Y, Liu Y, He C, Zhou Y, et al. Enzyme/ROS dual-sensitive nanoplatform with on-demand Celastrol launch capability for enhanced ulcerative colitis remedy by ROS scavenging, microbiota rebalancing, irritation assuaging. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):437.
Zhang Z, Xia T, Ran P, Wei J, Meng J, Zhang G, et al. Persistent luminescence-activated Janus nanomotors with integration of photodynamic and photothermal most cancers therapies. Chem Eng J. 2023;457:141226.
Chen L, Yuan H, Chen S, Zheng C, Wu X, Li Z, et al. Value-effective, high-yield manufacturing of biotemplated catalytic tubular micromotors as self-propelled microcleaners for water remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13(26):31226–35.
Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Mundaca-Uribe R, Wei X, Ramírez-Herrera DE, Karshalev E, Nguyen B, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. Multicompartment tubular micromotors towards enhanced localized lively supply. Adv Mater (Deerfield Seaside Fla). 2020;32(25):e2000091.
Liu W, Chen Y, Liu Y, Tune Q, Lu X, Gu Z. Mild-driven rGO/Cu(2 + 1)O tubular nanomotor with lively focused drug supply for mixture remedy of most cancers cells. Mikrochim Acta. 2024;191(7):404.
Batori S, Komatsu T. Acrylic-resin-based tubular micromotors bearing magnetic nanoparticles and enzymes pushed by seen mild irradiation: implications for accelerating reactions and cargo transport. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2024;7(7):6804–9.
Mundaca-Uribe R, Holay M, Abbas A, Askarinam N, Sage-Sepulveda JS, Kubiatowicz L, et al. A microstirring oral tablet for enhancing the glucose-lowering impact of metformin. ACS Nano. 2023;17(10):9272–9.
Okmen Altas B, Goktas C, Topcu G, Aydogan N. Multi-stimuli-responsive tadpole-like polymer/lipid Janus microrobots for superior sensible materials purposes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16(12):15533–47.
Wan J, Zhang Q, Liang J, Bustillo KC, Al Balushi ZY, Asta M, Zheng H. Visualizing sides asymmetry induced directional motion of cadmium chloride nanomotor. Nano Lett. 2023;23(22):10132–9.
Liu T, Yan M, Zhou S, Liang Q, He Y, Zhang X, et al. Web site-selective superassembly of a multilevel uneven nanomotor with wavelength-modulated propulsion mechanisms. ACS Nano. 2023;17(15):14871–82.
Zheng Y, Zhao H, Cai Y, Jurado-Sánchez B, Dong R. Latest advances in one-dimensional micro/nanomotors: fabrication, propulsion and utility. Nano-Micro Lett. 2022;15(1):20.
Guo J, Li Y, Wang B, Chen W, Chen S, Liu S, et al. Self-propelled Janus nanomotor as lively probe for detection of pepsinogen by lateral movement immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta. 2022;189(12):468.
Zhang X, Fu Q, Duan H, Tune J, Yang H. Janus nanoparticles: from fabrication to (Bio)purposes. ACS Nano. 2021;15(4):6147–91.
Solar T, Kwong CHT, Gao C, Wei J, Yue L, Zhang J, et al. Amelioration of ulcerative colitis by way of inflammatory regulation by macrophage-biomimetic nanomedicine. Theranostics. 2020;10(22):10106–19.
Hu N, Solar M, Lin X, Gao C, Zhang B, Zheng C, et al. Self-propelled rolled-up polyelectrolyte multilayer microrockets. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28(25):1705684.
Pan C, Li J, Hou W, Lin S, Wang L, Pang Y, et al. Polymerization-mediated multifunctionalization of dwelling cells for enhanced cell-based remedy. Adv Mater. 2021;33(13):e2007379.
Kim Y, Parada GA, Liu S, Zhao X. Ferromagnetic delicate continuum robots. Sci Robotic. 2019;4(33):eaax7329.
Liu W, Ge H, Gu Z, Lu X, Li J, Wang J. Electrochemical deposition tailors the catalytic efficiency of MnO2-based micromotors. Small. 2018;14(45):1802771.
Li J, Yang S, Jiang J-Z, Xiao Q, Yao F-Z, Solar J-J. Fabrication and characterization of Au–Fe/Ni/(Mo/Co) alloy microsphere motors (AMSM) based mostly on bodily vapor deposition. J Electroanal Chem. 2016;781:245–50.
Park SH, Park S, Kim DW, Gang D, Tune W-J, Jeong G, et al. Layer-by-layer assembled, blended conducting synthetic layers for steady zinc metallic anodes in aqueous batteries. Small Strategies. 2025;9(9):e00812. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500812
Lv Okay, Hou M, Kou Y, Yu H, Liu M, Zhao T, et al. Black Titania Janus mesoporous nanomotor for enhanced tumor penetration and near-infrared light-triggered photodynamic remedy. ACS Nano. 2024;18(21):13910–23.
Xu C, Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Qin H, et al. Arthritic microenvironment actuated nanomotors for lively rheumatoid arthritis remedy. Adv Sci. 2023;10(4):2204881.
Lin ZP, Nguyen LNM, Ouyang B, MacMillan P, Ngai J, Kingston BR, Mladjenovic SM, Chan WCW. Macrophages actively transport nanoparticles in tumors after extravasation. ACS Nano. 2022;16(4):6080–92.
Anselmo AC, Zhang M, Kumar S, Vogus DR, Menegatti S, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. Elasticity of nanoparticles influences their blood Circulation, Phagocytosis, Endocytosis, and concentrating on. ACS Nano. 2015;9(3):3169–77.
Tan L, Cappelleri DJ. Responsive hydrogel-based modular microrobots for multi-functional micromanipulation. Small. 2024;20(47):2404311 . https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202404311
Lu L, Zhao H, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Fan C, et al. Design and management of the magnetically actuated Micro/nanorobot swarm towards biomedical purposes. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;13(15):e2400414.
Chen X, Cao Q, Liang Z, Huang L, Wang J, Hu Y. Hole magnetic nanocarrier-based microrobot swarms for NIR-responsive focused drug supply and synergistic remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16(44):60874-83 . https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c14062
Kabir AMR, Inoue D, Kakugo A. Molecular swarm robots: latest progress and future challenges. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2020;21(1):323–32.
Wang B, Lu Y. Collective molecular machines: multidimensionality and reconfigurability. Nano-Micro Lett. 2024;16(1):155.
Wang Q, Zhang L. Exterior power-driven microrobotic swarm: from elementary understanding to imaging-guided supply. ACS Nano. 2021;15(1):149–74.
McNeill JM, Mallouk TE. Acoustically powered nano- and microswimmers: from particular person to collective conduct. ACS Nanosci Au. 2023;3(6):424–40.
Zhang L, Pumera M, Sánchez S, Ma X. Introduction to micro- and nano-motors. Nanoscale. 2024;16(43):19936–7.
Liu X, Wang Y, Peng Y, Shi J, Chen W, Wang W, et al. Urease-powered micromotors with spatially selective distribution of enzymes for capturing and sensing exosomes. ACS Nano. 2023;17(23):24343–54.
Wang Z, Fang G, Gao Z, Liao Y, Gong C, Kim M, Chang GE, Feng S, Xu T, Liu T, Chen YC. Autonomous microlasers for profiling extracellular vesicles from most cancers spheroids. Nano Lett. 2023;23(7):2502–10.
Wu Z, Chen Y, Mukasa D, Pak OS, Gao W. Medical micro/nanorobots in complicated media. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49(22):8088–112.
Yang L, Solar L, Zhang H, Bian F, Zhao Y. Ice-inspired lubricated drug supply particles from microfluidic electrospray for osteoarthritis remedy. ACS Nano. 2021;15(12):20600–6.
Zhou H, Liu Q, Chen M, Xie Y, Xu W, Zhang X, et al. Urease-driven Janus nanomotors for dynamic enrichment and multiplexed detection of bladder most cancers MicroRNAs in urine. ACS Sens. 2025;10(2):1155–65.
Keller S, Teora SP, Hu GX, Nijemeisland M, Wilson DA. Excessive-throughput design of biocompatible enzyme-based hydrogel microparticles with autonomous motion. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2018;57(31):9814–7.
McNeill JM, Nama N, Braxton JM, Mallouk TE. Wafer-scale fabrication of micro- to nanoscale bubble swimmers and their quick autonomous propulsion by ultrasound. ACS Nano. 2020;14(6):7520–8.
Li J, Li T, Xu T, Kiristi M, Liu W, Wu Z, et al. Magneto–acoustic hybrid nanomotor. Nano Lett. 2015;15(7):4814–21.
Sridhar V, Park B-W, Guo S, van Aken PA, Sitti M. Multiwavelength-steerable visible-light-driven magnetic CoO–TiO2 microswimmers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(21):24149–55.
Xu B, Lei H, Tong T, Guan Y, Wang Y, Li B, et al. Acidity-actuated polymer/calcium phosphate hybrid nanomotor (PCaPmotor) for penetrating drug supply and synergistic anticancer immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 2024;24(35):10724–33.
Liu A, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Wu R, Wang M, Li J, et al. Nitric oxide nanomotor driving exosomes-loaded microneedles for Achilles tendinopathy therapeutic. ACS Nano. 2021;15(8):13339–50.
Choi H, Cho SH, Hahn SK. Urease-powered polydopamine nanomotors for intravesical remedy of bladder illnesses. ACS Nano. 2020;14(6):6683–92.
Liu M, Chen L, Zhao Z, Liu M, Zhao T, Ma Y, et al. Enzyme-based mesoporous nanomotors with near-infrared optical brakes. J Am Chem Soc. 2022;144(9):3892–901.
Cao Y, Huang Y, Zheng J, Chen J, Zeng B, Cheng X, et al. Bipolar photoelectrochemistry for phase-modulated optoelectronic hybrid nanomotor. J Am Chem Soc. 2024;146(26):17931–9.
Yue L, Gao C, Li J, Chen H, Lee SMY, Luo R, et al. Chemotaxis-guided self-propelled macrophage motor for focused remedy of acute pneumonia. Adv Mater. 2023;35(20):e2211626.
Zhang T, Ren H, Qin H, Liu X, Li B, Zheng X. Mild-armed nitric oxide-releasing micromotor in vivo. Nano Lett. 2024;24(40):12452-60. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03120
Wang J, Liu J, Sümbelli Y, Shao J, Shi X, van Hest JCM. Nanogel-based nitric oxide-driven nanomotor for deep tissue penetration and enhanced tumor remedy. J Management Launch. 2024;372:59–68.
Ji H, Hu H, Tang Q, Kang X, Liu X, Zhao L, et al. Exactly managed and deeply penetrated micro-nano hybrid multifunctional motors with enhanced antibacterial exercise in opposition to refractory biofilm infections. J Hazard Mater. 2022;436:129210.
Qin N, Qian ZG, Zhou C, Xia XX, Tao TH. 3D electron-beam writing at sub-15 Nm decision utilizing spider silk as a resist. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5133.
Ying Y, Plutnar J, Pumera M. Six-degree-of-freedom steerable visible-light-driven microsubmarines utilizing water as a gasoline: utility for explosives decontamination. Small. 2021;17(23):e2100294.
Ahmed S, Gentekos DT, Fink CA, Mallouk TE. Self-assembly of nanorod motors into geometrically common multimers and their propulsion by ultrasound. ACS Nano. 2014;8(11):11053–60.
Gervasoni S, Pedrini N, Rifai T, Fischer C, Landers FC, Mattmann M, et al. A human-scale clinically prepared electromagnetic navigation system for magnetically responsive biomaterials and medical units. Adv Mater. 2024;36(31):e2310701.
Gwisai T, Mirkhani N, Christiansen MG, Nguyen TT, Ling V, Schuerle S. Magnetic torque-driven dwelling microrobots for elevated tumor infiltration. Sci Robotic. 2022;7(71):eabo0665.
Unruh A, Savage EJ, Sen A. Distant magnetically managed chemically fueled micromotor disks. Chem Mater. 2023;35(23):10099–105.
Cai L, Zhao C, Chen H, Fan L, Zhao Y, Qian X, et al. Suction-cup-inspired adhesive micromotors for drug supply. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9(1):e2103384.
Wu X, Ehehalt R, Razinskas G, Feichtner T, Qin J, Hecht B. Mild-driven microdrones. Nat Nanotechnol. 2022;17(5):477–84.
Cai L, Cao X, Zhao C, Luo Z, Zhao Y. Close to-infrared-II-driven pollen micromotors for inflammatory bowel illness remedy. ACS Nano. 2023;17(20):19993–20001.
Sridhar V, Podjaski F, Alapan Y, Kröger J, Grunenberg L, Kishore V, et al. Mild-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in organic and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug supply. Sci Robotic. 2022;7(62):eabm1421.
de Esteban-Fernández B, Angell C, Soto F, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Báez DF, Xie S, et al. Acoustically propelled nanomotors for intracellular siRNA supply. ACS Nano. 2016;10(5):4997–5005.
Wu Y, Yakov S, Fu A, Yossifon G. A magnetically and electrically powered hybrid micromotor in conductive options: synergistic propulsion results and label-free cargo transport and sensing. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10(8):e2204931.
Mafakheri F, Asakereh A, Khoee S, Kamankesh M. Synthesis of magnetic electroactive nanomotors based mostly on sodium alginate/chitosan and investigation the affect of the exterior electrical area on the mechanism of locomotion. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10326.
Chen HJ, Wang L, Zhu H, Wang ZG, Liu SL. Nir-ii fluorescence imaging for in vivo quantitative evaluation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16(22):28011–28.
Li H, Kim Y, Jung H, Hyun JY, Shin I. Close to-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-emitting small natural molecules for most cancers imaging and remedy. Chem Soc Rev. 2022;51(21):8957–9008.
Chen YT, Liu CH, Pan WY, Jheng PR, Hsieh YSY, Burnouf T, et al. Biomimetic platelet nanomotors for site-specific thrombolysis and ischemic harm alleviation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15(27):32967–83.
Jia J, Lin R, Liu M, Hou M, Yu H, Lu Q, et al. Twin-ligand assisted anisotropic meeting for the development of NIR-II light-propelled mesoporous nanomotors. J Am Chem Soc. 2025;147(5):4198–209.
Tu L, Liao Z, Luo Z, Wu Y-L, Herrmann A, Huo S. Ultrasound-controlled drug launch and drug activation for most cancers remedy. Exploration. 2021;1(3):20210023.
Yu X, Li X, Chen Q, Wang S, Xu R, He Y, et al. Excessive depth targeted ultrasound-driven nanomotor for efficient ferroptosis-immunotherapy of TNBC. Adv Sci. 2024;11(15):2305546.
Wang W, Castro LA, Hoyos M, Mallouk TE. Autonomous movement of metallic microrods propelled by ultrasound. ACS Nano. 2012;6(7):6122–32.
McNeill JM, Choi YC, Cai Y-Y, Guo J, Nadal F, Kagan CR, et al. Three-dimensionally complicated part conduct and collective phenomena in mixtures of acoustically powered chiral microspinners. ACS Nano. 2023;17(8):7911–9.
Huang D, Cai L, Li N, Zhao Y. Ultrasound-trigged micro/nanorobots for biomedical purposes. Good Medication. 2023;2(2):e20230003.
Wang Q, Chan KF, Schweizer Okay, Du X, Jin D, Yu SCH, et al. Ultrasound doppler-guided real-time navigation of a magnetic microswarm for lively endovascular supply. Sci Adv. 2021;7(9):eabe5914. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5914
Aziz A, Holthof J, Meyer S, Schmidt OG, Medina-Sánchez M. Twin ultrasound and photoacoustic monitoring of magnetically pushed micromotors: from in vitro to in vivo. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(22):2101077.
Wu Y, Yakov S, Fu A, Yossifon G. A magnetically and electrically powered hybrid micromotor in conductive options: synergistic propulsion results and label-free cargo transport and sensing. Adv Sci. 2023;10(8):2204931.
Guo J, Gallegos JJ, Tom AR, Fan D. Electrical-Subject-Guided precision manipulation of catalytic nanomotors for cargo supply and powering nanoelectromechanical units. ACS Nano. 2018;12(2):1179–87.
Zhu S, Chen Y, Liu G, Qian H, Niu F, Wang Y, et al. Exterior field-driven untethered microrobots for focused cargo supply. Adv Mater Technol. 2022;7(5):2101256.
O’Callaghan JA, Lee D, Hammer DA. Asymmetry-Enhanced movement of Urease-Powered micromotors from double Emulsion-Templated microcapsules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15(44):50799–808.
Patiño Padial T, Del Grosso E, Gentile S, Baranda Pellejero L, Mestre R, Paffen L, et al. Artificial DNA-based swimmers pushed by enzyme catalysis. J Am Chem Soc. 2024;146(18):12664–71.
Zhang B, Pan H, Chen Z, Yin T, Zheng M, Cai L. Twin-bioengine self-adaptive micro/nanorobots utilizing enzyme actuation and macrophage relay for gastrointestinal irritation remedy. Sci Adv. 2023;9(8):eadc8978.
Valles M, Pujals S, Albertazzi L, Sánchez S. Enzyme purification improves the enzyme Loading, Self-Propulsion, and endurance efficiency of micromotors. ACS Nano. 2022;16(4):5615–26.
Mundaca-Uribe R, Karshalev E, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Wei X, Nguyen B, Litvan I, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A microstirring tablet enhances bioavailability of orally administered medication. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021;8(12):2100389.
Choi H, Lee G-H, Kim KS, Hahn SK. Mild-guided nanomotor programs for autonomous photothermal most cancers remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10(3):2338–46.
Zhang F, Zhuang J, Esteban Fernández de Ávila B, Tang S, Zhang Q, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A Nanomotor-Primarily based lively supply system for intracellular oxygen transport. ACS Nano. 2019;13(10):11996–2005.
Zhou Okay, Huo M, Ma W, Mi Okay, Xu X, Algharib SA, et al. Utility of a physiologically based mostly pharmacokinetic mannequin to develop a veterinary amorphous Enrofloxacin strong dispersion. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(5):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050602
Zhao C, Chen G, Wang H, Zhao Y, Chai R. Bio-inspired intestinal scavenger from microfluidic electrospray for detoxifying lipopolysaccharide. Bioact Mater. 2021;6(6):1653–62.
Díez P, Lucena-Sánchez E, Escudero A, Llopis-Lorente A, Villalonga R, Martínez-Máñez R. Ultrafast directional Janus Pt–Mesoporous silica nanomotors for sensible drug supply. ACS Nano. 2021;15(3):4467–80.
Gu X, Liu Y, Chen G, Wang H, Shao C, Chen Z, Lu P, Zhao Y. Mesoporous colloidal photonic crystal particles for clever drug supply. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10(40):33936–44.
Wang B, Chen Y, Ye Z, Yu H, Chan KF, Xu T, Guo Z, Liu W, Zhang L. Low-Friction delicate robots for focused bacterial an infection remedy in Gastrointestinal tract. Cyborg Bionic Syst. 2024;5:0138.
Wan M, Wang Q, Li X, Xu B, Fang D, Li T, et al. Systematic analysis and analysis fashions of nanomotors for most cancers mixed remedy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2020;59(34):14458–65.
Ye Y, Tong F, Wang S, Jiang J, Gao J, Liu L, et al. Apoptotic tumor DNA activated nanomotor chemotaxis. Nano Lett. 2021;21(19):8086–94.
Li J, Thamphiwatana S, Liu W, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Angsantikul P, Sandraz E, Wang J, Xu T, Soto F, Ramez V, et al. Enteric micromotor can selectively place and spontaneously propel within the Gastrointestinal tract. ACS Nano. 2016;10(10):9536–42.
Gunasekera RS, Galbadage T, Ayala-Orozco C, Liu D, García-López V, Troutman BE, Tour JJ, Pal R, Krishnan S, Cirillo JD, Tour JM. Molecular nanomachines can destroy tissue or kill multicellular eukaryotes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(12):13657–70.
Ayala-Orozco C, Galvez-Aranda D, Corona A, Seminario JM, Rangel R, Myers JN, et al. Molecular jackhammers eradicate most cancers cells by vibronic-driven motion. Nat Chem. 2024;16(3):456–65.
Ayala Orozco C, Liu D, Li Y, Alemany LB, Pal R, Krishnan S, et al. Seen-light-activated molecular nanomachines kill pancreatic most cancers cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(1):410–7.
Li M, Wu J, Lin D, Yang J, Jiao N, Wang Y, et al. A diatom-based biohybrid microrobot with a excessive drug-loading capability and pH-sensitive drug launch for goal remedy. Acta Biomater. 2022;154:443–53.
Wu S, Zhou Y, Wei J, Da Z, Chen W, Shu X, et al. Alginate/GelMA microparticles by way of oil-free interface shearing for untethered magnetic microbots. Biomater Sci. 2024;12(21):5562–72.
Zhang H, Xu D, Zhang B, Li X, Li M, Zhang C, et al. PEDOT-integrated fish swim bladders as conductive nerve conduits. Adv Sci. 2024;11(31):2400827.
Li W, Su H, Ma Y, Ren H, Feng Z, Wang Y, et al. Multicargo-loaded inverse opal gelatin hydrogel microparticles for selling bacteria-infected wound therapeutic. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;260:129557.
Lei L, Zhu Y, Qin X, Chai S, Liu G, Su W, et al. Magnetic biohybrid microspheres for protein purification and continual wound therapeutic in diabetic mice. Chem Eng J. 2021;425:130671.
Lei L, Lv Q, Jin Y, An H, Shi Z, Hu G, et al. Angiogenic microspheres for the remedy of a skinny endometrium. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(10):4914–20.
Tang B, Xie X, Lu J, Huang W, Yang J, Tian J, et al. Designing biomaterials for the remedy of autoimmune illnesses. Appl Mater Immediately. 2024;39:102278.
Le QV, Lee J, Lee H, Shim G, Oh YK. Cell membrane-derived vesicles for supply of therapeutic brokers. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(8):2096–113.
Xia Q, Zhang Y, Li Z, Hou X, Feng N. Pink blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles: a novel drug supply system for antitumor utility. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2019;9(4):675–89.
Shao J, Abdelghani M, Shen G, Cao S, Williams DS, van Hest JCM. Erythrocyte membrane modified Janus polymeric motors for thrombus remedy. ACS Nano. 2018;12(5):4877–85.
Wan M, Wang Q, Wang R, Wu R, Li T, Fang D, et al. Platelet-derived porous nanomotor for thrombus remedy. Sci Adv. 2020;6(22):eaaz9014.
Zhang F, Mundaca-Uribe R, Gong H, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Karshalev E, Nourhani A, Tong Y, Nguyen B, Gallot M, et al. A Macrophage-Magnesium hybrid biomotor: fabrication and Characterization. Superior supplies (Deerfield seashore. Fla). 2019;31(27):e1901828.
Chen HY, Deng J, Wang Y, Wu CQ, Li X, Dai HW. Hybrid cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: a multifunctional biomimetic platform for most cancers prognosis and remedy. Acta Biomater. 2020;112:1–13.
Zhang F, Mundaca-Uribe R, Askarinam N, Li Z, Gao W, Zhang L, et al. Biomembrane-functionalized micromotors: biocompatible lively units for numerous biomedical purposes. Superior supplies (Deerfield Seaside, Fla). 2022;34(5):e2107177.
Cai L, Zhao C, Cao X, Lu M, Li N, Luo Y, et al. Chinese language herb pollen derived micromotors as lively oral drug supply system for gastric ulcer remedy. Bioact Mater. 2024;32:28–36.
Medina-Sánchez M, Schwarz L, Meyer AK, Hebenstreit F, Schmidt OG. Mobile cargo supply: towards assisted fertilization by sperm-carrying micromotors. Nano Lett. 2016;16(1):555–61.
Celi N, Cai J, Solar H, Feng L, Zhang D, Gong D. Biohybrid versatile sperm-like microrobot for focused chemo-photothermal remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16(19):24341–50.
Yu W, Lin R, He X, Yang X, Zhang H, Hu C, et al. Self-propelled nanomotor reconstructs tumor microenvironment by synergistic hypoxia alleviation and glycolysis inhibition for promoted anti-metastasis. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(9):2924–36.
Zhou M, Hou T, Li J, Yu S, Xu Z, Yin M, Wang J, Wang X. Self-Propelled and focused drug supply of Poly(aspartic acid)/Iron-Zinc microrocket within the abdomen. ACS Nano. 2019;13(2):1324–32.
Huang P, Tang Q, Li M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Lei L, Li S. Manganese-derived biomaterials for tumor prognosis and remedy. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):335.
Mundaca-Uribe R, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Holay M, Lekshmy Venugopalan P, Nguyen B, Zhou J, Abbas A, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. Zinc microrocket tablets: fabrication and characterization towards lively oral supply. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9(18):e2000900.
Sakthi Devi R, Girigoswami A, Siddharth M, Girigoswami Okay. Functions of gold and silver nanoparticles in theranostics. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2022;194(9):4187–219.
Turkmen Koc SN, Rezaei Benam S, Aral IP, Shahbazi R, Ulubayram Okay. Gold nanoparticles-mediated photothermal and photodynamic therapies for most cancers. Int J Pharm. 2024;655:124057.
Wu Z, Li L, Yang Y, Hu P, Li Y, Yang SY, et al. A microrobotic system guided by photoacoustic computed tomography for focused navigation in intestines in vivo. Sci Robotic. 2019;4(32):eaax0613. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aax0613
Yang Y, Zhu L, Chen X, Solar Y, Yang R, Zhang N, Zhang Y. Manipulating silver nanoparticles with biomolecular Corona secreted from vertebrates to enhance the loading capability and biocompatibility. ACS Nano. 2024;18(42):28782–92.
Cai J, Zhang H, Hu Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Xia Y, et al. GelMA-MXene hydrogel nerve conduits with microgrooves for spinal twine harm restore. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):460.
Tune T, Zhang H, Liu G, Qiu Y, Wang H. Pancreatic most cancers cell line in responsive hydrogel microcapsules for drug analysis. VIEW. 2024;5(1):20230048.
Han H, Ma X, Deng W, Zhang J, Tang S, Pak OS, et al. Imaging-guided bioresorbable acoustic hydrogel microrobots. Sci Robotic. 2024;9(97):eadp3593. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adp3593
Noh S, Jeon S, Kim E, Oh U, Park D, Park SH, Kim SW, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Kim JY, Choi H. A biodegradable magnetic microrobot based mostly on gelatin methacrylate for exact supply of stem cells with mass manufacturing Functionality. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse. Germany). 2022;18(25):e2107888.
Park J, Kim JY, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Choi H. Acoustically mediated managed drug launch and focused remedy with degradable 3D porous magnetic microrobots. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(2):e2001096.
Li J, Wu C, Chu PK, Gelinsky M. 3D printing of hydrogels: rational design methods and rising biomedical purposes. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2020;140:100543.
Chen Z, Mo M, Fu F, Shang L, Wang H, Liu C, Zhao Y. Antibacterial structural coloration hydrogels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(44):38901–7.
Chen X, Tian C, Zhang H, Xie H. Biodegradable magnetic hydrogel robotic with multimodal locomotion for focused cargo supply. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15(24):28922–32.
Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhao Y, Chai R. Pure proteins-derived uneven porous conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Appl Mater Immediately. 2022;27:101431.
Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang D, Wang J, Tan H, Kong T. Enzyme-functionalized structural coloration hydrogel particles for urea detection and elimination. J Clear Prod. 2021;315:128149.
Zhang W, Hu Y, Feng P, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang B, Xu D, Qi J, Wang H, Xu L, et al. Structural coloration colloidal photonic crystals for biomedical purposes. Adv Sci. 2024;11(36):2403173.
Gao C, Wang Y, Ye Z, Lin Z, Ma X, He Q. Biomedical micro-/nanomotors: from overcoming organic obstacles to in vivo imaging. Adv Mater (Deerfield Seaside Fla). 2021;33(6):e2000512.
Li Q, Liu L, Huo H, Su L, Wu Y, Lin H, et al. Nanosized janus AuNR-Pt motor for enhancing NIR-II photoacoustic imaging of deep tumor and Pt(2+) ion-based chemotherapy. ACS Nano. 2022;16(5):7947–60.
Wang B, Kostarelos Okay, Nelson BJ, Zhang L. Tendencies in micro-/nanorobotics: supplies improvement, actuation, localization, and system integration for biomedical purposes. Superior supplies (Deerfield Seaside, Fla). 2021;33(4):e2002047.
Erin O, Boyvat M, Tiryaki ME, Phelan M, Sitti M. Magnetic resonance imaging system–pushed medical robotics. Adv Intell Syst. 2020;2(2):1900110.
Zheng S, Wang Y, Pan S, Ma E, Jin S, Jiao M, et al. Biocompatible nanomotors as lively diagnostic imaging brokers for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of tumor tissues in vivo. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(24):2100936.
Yan X, Zhou Q, Vincent M, Deng Y, Yu J, Xu J, Xu T, Tang T, Bian L, Wang YJ et al. Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided remedy. Sci Rob. 2017;2(12):eaaq1155 . https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaq1155
Xie L, Pang X, Yan X, Dai Q, Lin H, Ye J, Cheng Y, Zhao Q, Ma X, Zhang X, et al. Photoacoustic Imaging-Trackable magnetic microswimmers for pathogenic bacterial an infection remedy. ACS Nano. 2020;14(3):2880–93.
Go G, Yoo A, Nguyen KT, Nan M, Darmawan BA, Zheng S, et al. Multifunctional microrobot with real-time visualization and magnetic resonance imaging for chemoembolization remedy of liver most cancers. Sci Adv. 2022;8(46):eabq8545.
Iacovacci V, Blanc A, Huang H, Ricotti L, Schibli R, Menciassi A, et al. Excessive-resolution SPECT imaging of stimuli-responsive delicate microrobots. Small. 2019;15(34):e1900709.
Graziotto ME, Kidman CJ, Adair LD, James SA, Harris HH, New EJ. In the direction of multimodal mobile imaging: optical and X-ray fluorescence. Chem Soc Rev. 2023;52(23):8295–318.
Servant A, Qiu F, Mazza M, Kostarelos Okay, Nelson BJ. Managed in vivo swimming of a swarm of bacteria-like microrobotic flagella. Adv Mater. 2015;27(19):2981–8.
Liu X, Liang Z, Du H, Zhang B, Wang Q, Xie S, Xiao L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li F, Ling D. DNA-Mediated magnetic-Dimer meeting for Fault-Free Extremely-Excessive-Subject magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Nano Lett. 2024;24(22):6696–705.
Fu S, Cai Z, Ai H. Stimulus-responsive nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging distinction brokers: design concerns and purposes. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(5):e2001091.
Oral CM, Ussia M, Urso M, Salat J, Novobilsky A, Stefanik M, Ruzek D, Pumera M. Radiopaque nanorobots as magnetically navigable distinction brokers for localized in vivo imaging of the Gastrointestinal tract. Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12(8):e2202682.
Wang B, Chan KF, Yuan Okay, Wang Q, Xia X, Yang L, Ko H, Wang YJ, Sung JJY, Chiu PWY, Zhang L. Endoscopy-assisted magnetic navigation of biohybrid delicate microrobots with fast endoluminal supply and imaging. Sci Rob. 2021;6(52):eabd2813 . https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abd2813
Hao Y, Bai S, Yu L, Solar Y. Magnetically pushed muco-inert Janus nanovehicles for enhanced mucus penetration and mobile uptake. Molecules. 2022;27(21):7291. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217291
Lyu Z, Yao L, Wang Z, Qian C, Wang Z, Li J, Liu C, Wang Y, Chen Q. Nanoscopic imaging of Self-Propelled ultrasmall catalytic nanomotors. ACS Nano. 2024;18(22):14231–43.
Wang H, Zhang H, Bian F, Zhang D, Gu H, Kong B. Bioinspired bioassay platforms derived from colloidal crystals with topological shapes. Mixture. 2024;5(2):e467.
Su H, Ren H, Maimaitikelimu X, Xu J, Bian F, Wang H. Molecularly and ionically imprinted polymers-based chemical sensors in chemical assays. Chem Eng J. 2024;499:156315.
Wang J. Self-propelled affinity biosensors: transferring the receptor across the pattern. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;76:234–42.
Zhang X, Chen C, Wu J, Ju H. Bubble-propelled jellyfish-like micromotors for DNA sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11(14):13581–8.
Hu Y, Li Z, Solar Y. Ultrasmall enzyme/light-powered nanomotor facilitates ldl cholesterol detection. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;621:341–51.
Ma E, Wang Okay, Wang H. An immunoassay based mostly on nanomotor-assisted electrochemical response for the detection of immunoglobulin. Mikrochim Acta. 2022;189(1):47.
Molinero-Fernández Á, Moreno-Guzmán M, Arruza L, López M, Escarpa A. Polymer-based micromotor fluorescence immunoassay for on-the-move delicate procalcitonin willpower in very low start weight infants’ plasma. ACS Sens. 2020;5(5):1336–44.
Gordón J, Arruza L, Ibáñez MD, Moreno-Guzmán M, López M, Escarpa A. On the move-sensitive fluorescent aptassay on board catalytic micromotors for the willpower of Interleukin-6 in ultra-low serum volumes for neonatal sepsis diagnostics. ACS Sens. 2022;7(10):3144–52.
Rose TC, Pennington A, Kypridemos C, Chen T, Subhani M, Hanefeld J, et al. Evaluation of the burden and financial influence of digestive illnesses and investigation of analysis gaps and priorities within the area of digestive well being within the European Area-White guide 2: govt abstract. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(7):657–62.
Cheng Z, Wang T, Jiao Y, Qi J, Zhang X, Zhou S, et al. Burden of digestive system illnesses in China and its provinces throughout 1990–2019: outcomes of the 2019 international illness burden examine. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137(18):2182–9.
Ricciardiello L. Digestive illnesses: huge burden, low funding? Outcomes of the brand new united European gastroenterology white guide on digestive illnesses. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(7):627–8.
Qi J, Li M, Wang L, Hu Y, Liu W, Lengthy Z, et al. Nationwide and subnational tendencies in most cancers burden in China, 2005-20: an evaluation of nationwide mortality surveillance knowledge. Lancet Public Well being. 2023;8(12):e943-55.
Yang Q, Li S, Ou H, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Li S, Lei L. Exosome-based supply methods for tumor remedy: an replace on modification, loading, and medical utility. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):41.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. World most cancers statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 nations. CA Most cancers J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. World most cancers statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 nations. CA Most cancers J Clin. 2024;74(3):229–63.
Almadi MA, Lu Y, Alali AA, Barkun AN. Peptic ulcer illness. Lancet. 2024;404(10447):68–81.
Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori an infection and antibiotic resistance – from biology to medical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(9):613–29.
Gao J, Qin H, Wang F, Liu L, Tian H, Wang H, Wang S, Ou J, Ye Y, Peng F, Tu Y. Hyperthermia-triggered biomimetic bubble nanomachines. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):4867.
Baumgart DC, Le Berre C. Newer biologic and small-molecule therapies for inflammatory bowel illness. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(14):1302–15.
Choi H, Jeong SH, Kim TY, Yi J, Hahn SK. Bioinspired urease-powered micromotor as an lively oral drug supply service in abdomen. Bioact Mater. 2022;9:54–62.
Yang Q, Tang S, Lu D, Li Y, Wan F, Li J, et al. Pollen typhae-based magnetic-powered microrobots towards acute gastric bleeding remedy. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2022;5(9):4425–34.
Wang Q, Xu Y, Xue R, Fan J, Yu H, Guan J, et al. All-in-one theranostic platform based mostly on hole microcapsules for intragastric-targeting antiulcer drug supply, CT imaging, and synergistically therapeutic gastric ulcer. Small. 2022;18(9):e2104660.
Zhou Y, Zhang W, He C, Shu C, Xu X, Wang H, et al. Steel-organic framework based mostly mucoadhesive nanodrugs for multifunction Helicobacter pylori focused eradication, irritation regulation and intestine flora safety. Small. 2024;20(24):e2308286.
Citi S. Intestinal obstacles shield in opposition to illness. Science. 2018;359(6380):1097–8.
Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, Underwood FE, Tang W, Benchimol EI, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel illness within the twenty first century: a scientific evaluation of population-based research. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2769–78.
Cai Z, Wang S, Li J. Therapy of inflammatory bowel illness: a complete evaluation. Entrance Med. 2021;8:765474.
Wachsmann P, Lamprecht A. Chapter nineteen – Polymeric nanoparticles for the selective remedy of inflammatory bowel illness. In: Düzgüneş N, editor. Strategies in enzymology. Educational; 2012. pp. 377–97.
Yang J, Shang N, Li Z, Xu J, Zhou X, Zhou H, et al. Oral lactoferrin-responsive formulation anchoring round inflammatory bowel area for IBD remedy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;14(4):2402731. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202402731
Yang J, Shang J, Yang L, Wei D, Wang X, Deng Q, et al. Nanotechnology-based drug supply programs for honokiol: enhancing therapeutic potential and overcoming limitations. Int J Nanomed. 2023;18:6639–65.
Li Z, Duan Y, Zhang F, Luan H, Shen WT, Yu Y, et al. Biohybrid microrobots regulate colonic cytokines and the epithelium barrier in inflammatory bowel illness. Sci Robotic. 2024;9(91):eadl2007.
Chen Q, Chen T, Xiao H, Wang F, Li C, Hu N, et al. APEX1 in intestinal epithelium triggers neutrophil infiltration and intestinal barrier harm in ulcerative colitis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;225:359–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.260
Fumery M, Singh S, Dulai PS, Gower-Rousseau C, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn WJ. Pure historical past of grownup ulcerative colitis in Inhabitants-based cohorts: A scientific evaluation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(3):343–e563.
Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, D’Amico F, Dhaliwal J, Griffiths AM, Bettenworth D, Sandborn WJ, Sands BE, Reinisch W, et al. STRIDE-II: an replace on the choosing therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel illness (STRIDE) initiative of the worldwide group for the examine of IBD (IOIBD): figuring out therapeutic targets for Deal with-to-Goal methods in IBD. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1570–83.
Zhou J, Li M, Chen Q, Li X, Chen L, Dong Z, Zhu W, Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen Q. Programmable probiotics modulate irritation and intestine microbiota for inflammatory bowel illness remedy after efficient oral supply. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3432.
Xiao B, Liang Y, Liu G, Wang L, Zhang Z, Qiu L, Xu H, Carr S, Shi X, Reis RL et al. Erratum: Writer correction to Gasoline-propelled nanomotors alleviate colitis by the regulation of intestinal immunoenvironment-hematopexis-microbiota circuits [Acta Pharm Sin B 14 (2024) 2732–2747]. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024;14(9):4193.
Dekker E, Tanis PJ, Vleugels JLA, Kasi PM, Wallace MB. Colorectal most cancers. Lancet. 2019;394(10207):1467–80.
Yang Y, Li L, Xu C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Chen M, Jiang Z, Pan J, Yang C, Li X, et al. Cross-talk between the intestine microbiota and monocyte-like macrophages mediates an inflammatory response to advertise colitis-associated tumourigenesis. Intestine. 2020;70(8):1495–506.
Donahue C, Brinton D, Sales space A, Westfal M, George V, Maxwell PJt, et al. Guideline concordant prolonged pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis utilization after colorectal most cancers resection is low no matter affected person components or hospital traits. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000003616.
Xiao M, Wang L, Tang Q, Yang Q, Yang X, Zhu G, Lei L, Li S. Postoperative tumor remedy methods: from fundamental analysis to medical remedy. VIEW. 2024;5(3):20230117.
Wang J, Zhang L, Xin H, Guo Y, Zhu B, Su L, et al. Mitochondria-targeting folic acid-modified nanoplatform based mostly on mesoporous carbon and a bioactive peptide for improved colorectal most cancers remedy. Acta Biomater. 2022;152:453–72.
Yang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Wang Okay, Solar J, Chen N, Yin W, Chen S, Zhi H, et al. Nano-mechanical immunoengineering: nanoparticle elasticity reprograms Tumor-Related macrophages by way of Piezo1. ACS Nano. 2024;18(32):21221–35.
Lei L, Ma B, Xu C, Liu H. Rising tumor-on-chips with electrochemical biosensors. TrAC Tendencies Anal Chem. 2022;153:116640.
Einen C, Snipstad S, Wesche HF, Nordlund V, Devold EJ, Amini N, Hansen R, Sulheim E, de Lange Davies C. Affect of the tumor microenvironment on supply of nanomedicine in tumors handled with ultrasound and microbubbles. J Management Launch. 2025;378:656–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.12.037
Heuser C, Renner Okay, Kreutz M, Gattinoni L. Concentrating on lactate metabolism for most cancers immunotherapy – a matter of precision. Semin Most cancers Biol. 2023;88:32–45.
Fan Y, Ye J, Kang Y, Niu G, Shi J, Yuan X, et al. Biomimetic piezoelectric nanomaterial-modified oral microrobots for focused catalytic and immunotherapy of colorectal most cancers. Sci Adv. 2024;10(19):eadm9561. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adm9561
Wang H, Zhang H, Kong B, Wang P, Shen H. Synthetic cells from microfluidic electrospray for reactive oxygen species scavenging. Mater Des. 2023;234:112355.
Wang ZH, Chu M, Yin N, Huang W, Liu W, Zhang Z, et al. Organic chemotaxis-guided self-thermophoretic nanoplatform augments colorectal most cancers remedy by autonomous mucus penetration. Sci Adv. 2022;8(26):eabn3917.
Wu J, Yi S, Cao Y, Zu M, Li B, Yang W, Shahbazi MA, Wan Y, Reis RL, Kundu SC, et al. Twin-driven nanomotors allow tumor penetration and hypoxia alleviation for calcium overload-photo-immunotherapy in opposition to colorectal most cancers. Biomaterials. 2023;302:122332.
Ren C, Zhong D, Qi Y, Liu C, Liu X, Chen S, Yan S, Zhou M. Bioinspired pH-Responsive microalgal hydrogels for oral insulin supply with each hypoglycemic and insulin sensitizing results. ACS Nano. 2023;17(14):14161–75.
Liu Okay, Liu Q, Yang J, Xie C, Wang S, Tong F, et al. Micromotor based mostly mini-tablet for oral supply of insulin. ACS Nano. 2023;17(1):300–11.
Feng S, Zhang Y, Hou C, Liu Y, Gao Y, Tune Y, et al. A temperature-responsive dual-hormone foam nanoengine improves rectal absorptivity of insulin-pramlintide for diabetes remedy. Sci Adv. 2024;10(35):eadn8695.
Zhang Z, Zhou D, Luan X, Wang X, Zhu Z, Luo W, Yang J, Tang S, Tune Y. Biodegradable Hole nanoscavengers restore liver capabilities to reverse insulin resistance in kind 2 diabetes. ACS Nano. 2023;17(10):9313–25.
Tempero MA, Malafa MP, Al-Hawary M, Behrman SW, Benson AB, Cardin DB, et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, model 2.2021, NCCN medical follow pointers in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(4):439–57.
Stoffel EM, Model RE, Goggins M. Pancreatic most cancers: altering epidemiology and new approaches to threat Evaluation, early Detection, and prevention. Gastroenterology. 2023;164(5):752–65.
Carmicheal J, Patel A, Dalal V, Atri P, Dhaliwal AS, Wittel UA, et al. Elevating pancreatic cystic lesion stratification: present and future pancreatic most cancers biomarker(s). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 2020;1873(1):188318.
Fahrmann JF, Schmidt CM, Mao X, Irajizad E, Loftus M, Zhang J, Patel N, Vykoukal J, Dennison JB, Lengthy JP et al. Lead-Time Trajectory of CA19-9 as an Anchor Marker for Pancreatic Most cancers Early Detection. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(4):1373-83.e6.
Tenchov R, Sapra AK, Sasso J, Ralhan Okay, Tummala A, Azoulay N, Zhou QA. Biomarkers for early most cancers detection: A panorama view of latest Developments, spotlighting pancreatic and liver cancers. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024;7(3):586–613.
Singhi AD, Wooden LD. Early detection of pancreatic most cancers utilizing DNA-based molecular approaches. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(7):457–68.
Wang X, Yin X, Li Y, Zhang S, Hu M, Wei M, Li Z. Novel perception and views of nanoparticle-mediated gene supply and immune-modulating therapies for pancreatic most cancers. J Nanobiotechnol. 2024;22(1):771.
Li H, Solar Z, Jiang S, Lai X, Böckler A, Huang H, et al. Tadpole-like unimolecular nanomotor with sub-100 nm measurement swims in a tumor microenvironment mannequin. Nano Lett. 2019;19(12):8749–57.
Hu Z, Tan H, Ye Y, Xu W, Gao J, Liu L, et al. NIR-actuated ferroptosis nanomotor for enhanced tumor penetration and remedy. Adv Mater. 2024;36(49):2412227.
Wang X, Ma H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Han X. Mesoporous organosilica-platinum Janus nanomotor coordinated by cost reversal for deep tumor penetration and promoted chemotherapy. Chem Eng J. 2024;490:151777.
Qin J, Liu J, Wei Z, Li X, Chen Z, Li J, et al. Focused intervention in nerve-cancer crosstalk enhances pancreatic most cancers chemotherapy. Nat Nanotechnol. 2025;20(2):311–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01803-1
Ding M, Zong Q, Zhang D, Ullah I, Zhang X, Liang W, Li X, Bulatov E, Yuan Y. Self-Adaptive nanocarriers overcome a number of physiological obstacles to boosting chemotherapy of orthotopic pancreatic most cancers. ACS Nano. 2025;19(1):662–79.
He Y, Wang T, Tune Y, Fang C, Wang Y, Dong X, et al. Concentrating on vascular destruction by sonosensitizer-free sonocatalytic nanomissiles instigates thrombus aggregation and diet deprivation to starve pancreatic most cancers. Adv Funct Mater. 2024;34(30):2315394.
Xu X, Cao J, Mu Y, Zhang H, Wang Y-L, Chen M, Li Y, Hua Q. Ultrasound-Induced nitric Oxide-Propelled nanomotor for multimodal theranostics of most cancers with deep penetration and prolonged lifetime. Adv Sci. 2025;12(30):e16709. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202416709
Wang Q, Zhou C, Zheng Y, Pang H, Li S, Hu Y, et al. Twin-bandgap Janus photonic crystals from single emulsion droplets: fast preparation and structurally controllable methods. Cryst Development Des. 2024;24(9):3657–63.
Chen Y, Zhai C, Gao X, Wang H, Lin Z, Zhou X, Hu CJPR. Optical manipulation of ratio-designable Janus microspheres. Photonics Analysis. 2024;12(6):1239. https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.517601
Chen J, Liu M, Chen S, Chou CP, Liu H, Wu D, Liu Y. Engineered therapeutic micro organism with Excessive-Yield membrane vesicle manufacturing impressed by eukaryotic membrane curvature for treating inflammatory bowel illness. ACS Nano. 2025;19(2):2405–18.
Wang Z, Yang Z, Li S, Kwong CHT, Zhang D, Wei J, et al. Mild-directed microalgae micromotor with supramolecular backpacks for photodynamic remedy. Adv Funct Mater. 2025;35(5):2411070.
Xiong X, Huang X, Liu Y, Feng A, Wang Z, Cheng X, et al. Azobenzene-bearing polymer engine powered natural nanomotors for light-driven cargo transport. Chem Eng J. 2022;445:136576.
Yang L, Li W, Shang L, Zhao Y. Macrophage-inspired magnetic silk fibroin porous microcarriers with exosome enrichment functionality for bone restore. Chem Eng J. 2025;520:166322.
Yang L, Li W, Ding X, Zhao Y, Qian X, Shang L. Biomimetic mineralized natural–inorganic hybrid scaffolds from microfluidic 3D printing for bone restore. Adv Funct Mater. 2025;35(1):2410927.
Yang L, Li W, Zhao Y, Shang L. Magnetic polysaccharide mesenchymal stem cells exosomes supply microcarriers for synergistic remedy of osteoarthritis. ACS Nano. 2024;18(31):20101–10.
Jiang W, Gao X, Wang Q, Chen Y, Li D, Zhang X, Yang X. The modified exenatide microspheres: PLGA-PEG-PLGA gel and Zinc-Exenatide complicated synergistically cut back burst launch and shorten platform stage. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2023;24(8):251.