CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) are well-known adjuvants that induce innate immunity, notably dendritic cell activation, by stimulating Toll-like receptor 9. Nevertheless, the stimulatory efficacy of CpG ODNs is proscribed by their detrimental cost, which causes electrostatic repulsion from the cell membrane and hinders mobile uptake. As well as, CpG ODNs are quickly degraded by nucleases below physiological circumstances. To handle these challenges, numerous nanoparticle (NP)-based supply techniques have been developed and utilized throughout biomedical fields. Though numerous forms of NPs have been utilized, the connection between their bodily properties and CpG supply effectivity stays below investigation. On this examine, we chosen three generally used and well-established nanocarriers—DNA micelles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and liposomes—which differ in dimension and rigidity and are identified for his or her effectiveness in drug supply. We purpose to judge and evaluate the in vivo supply effectivity and immunostimulatory exercise of those NPs when functionalized with CpG ODNs, thereby offering insights into how NP properties affect CpG-mediated immune activation.
