Kulkarni, J. A. et al. The present panorama of nucleic acid therapeutics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 630–643 (2021).
Mendes, B. B. et al. Nanodelivery of nucleic acids. Nat. Rev. Strategies Primers 2, 24 (2022).
Hogan, M. J. & Pardi, N. mRNA vaccines within the COVID-19 pandemic and past. Annu. Rev. Med. 73, 17–39 (2022).
Liu, C. et al. mRNA-based most cancers therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Most cancers 23, 526–543 (2023).
Kowalski, P. S., Rudra, A., Miao, L. & Anderson, D. G. Delivering the messenger: advances in applied sciences for therapeutic mRNA supply. Mol. Ther. 27, 710–728 (2019).
Karikó, Ok., Buckstein, M., Ni, H. & Weissman, D. Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impression of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23, 165–175 (2005).
Rohner, E., Yang, R., Foo, Ok. S., Goedel, A. & Chien, Ok. R. Unlocking the promise of mRNA therapeutics. Nat. Biotechnol. 40, 1586–1600 (2022).
Rappaport, A. R. et al. Low-dose self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine drives sturdy protecting immunity in non-human primates in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 an infection. Nat. Commun. 13, 3289 (2022).
Qu, L. et al. Round RNA vaccines in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 and rising variants. Cell 185, 1728–1744 (2022).
Leppek, Ok. et al. Combinatorial optimization of mRNA construction, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics. Nat. Commun. 13, 1536 (2022).
Zhang, H. et al. Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity. Nature 621, 396–403 (2023).
Wojtczak, B. A. et al. 5′-Phosphorothiolate dinucleotide cap analogues: reagents for messenger RNA modification and potent small-molecular inhibitors of decapping enzymes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 5987–5999 (2018).
Holtkamp, S. et al. Modification of antigen-encoding RNA will increase stability, translational efficacy, and T-cell stimulatory capability of dendritic cells. Blood 108, 4009–4017 (2006).
Chen, H. et al. Chemical and topological design of multicapped mRNA and capped round RNA to reinforce translation. Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02393-y (2024).
Chen, H. et al. Branched chemically modified poly(A) tails improve the interpretation capability of mRNA. Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02174-7 (2024).
Liu, B. & Pan, T. Constructing higher mRNA for therapeutics. Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02424-8 (2024).
Pyle, A. Steel ions within the construction and performance of RNA. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 7, 679–690 (2002).
Tinoco, I. Jr & Bustamante, C. How RNA folds. J. Mol. Biol. 293, 271–281 (1999).
Draper, D. E., Grilley, D. & Soto, A. M. Ions and RNA folding. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 34, 221–243 (2005).
Palermo, G. et al. Catalytic metallic ions and enzymatic processing of DNA and RNA. Acc. Chem. Res. 48, 220–228 (2015).
Zoroddu, M. A. et al. The important metals for people: a quick overview. J. Inorg. Biochem. 195, 120–129 (2019).
Guth-Metzler, R. et al. Goldilocks and RNA: the place Mg2+ focus is excellent. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, 3529–3539 (2023).
Bepperling, A. & Richter, G. Willpower of mRNA copy quantity in degradable lipid nanoparticles through density distinction analytical ultracentrifugation. Eur. Biophys. J. 52, 393–400 (2023).
Smith, S. B., Cui, Y. & Bustamante, C. Overstretching B-DNA: the elastic response of particular person double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules. Science 271, 795–799 (1996).
Baumann, C. G., Smith, S. B., Bloomfield, V. A. & Bustamante, C. Ionic results on the elasticity of single DNA molecules. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6185–6190 (1997).
Li, Z. et al. Mechano-boosting nanomedicine antitumour efficacy by blocking the reticuloendothelial system with stiff nanogels. Nat. Commun. 14, 1437 (2023).
Hui, Y. et al. Nanoparticle elasticity regulates phagocytosis and most cancers cell uptake. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz4316 (2020).
Zhu, Y.-L. et al. GALAMOST: GPU-accelerated large-scale molecular simulation toolkit. J. Comput. Chem. 34, 2197–2211 (2013).
Uroda, T. et al. Visualizing the purposeful 3D form and topography of lengthy noncoding RNAs by single-particle atomic pressure microscopy and in-solution hydrodynamic strategies. Nat. Protoc. 15, 2107–2139 (2020).
Miao, L. et al. Synergistic lipid compositions for albumin receptor mediated supply of mRNA to the liver. Nat. Commun. 11, 2424 (2020).
Solar, J. et al. Tunable rigidity of (polymeric core)–(lipid shell) nanoparticles for regulated mobile uptake. Adv. Mater. 27, 1402–1407 (2015).
Shen, Z., Ye, H., Yi, X. & Li, Y. Membrane wrapping effectivity of elastic nanoparticles throughout endocytosis: dimension and form matter. ACS Nano 13, 215–228 (2019).
Yi, X., Shi, X. & Gao, H. Mobile uptake of elastic nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 098101 (2011).
Wang, Y. et al. Age-associated disparity in phagocytic clearance impacts the efficacy of most cancers nanotherapeutics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 255–263 (2024).
Wang, L. et al. Major human breast cancer-associated endothelial cells favor interactions with nanomedicines. Adv. Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202403986 (2024).
Pattipeiluhu, R. et al. Anionic lipid nanoparticles preferentially ship mRNA to the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. Adv. Mater. 34, 2201095 (2022).
Nakamura, T., Yamada, Ok., Sato, Y. & Harashima, H. Lipid nanoparticles fuse with cell membranes of immune cells at low temperatures resulting in the lack of transfection exercise. Int. J. Pharm. 587, 119652 (2020).
Chatterjee, S., Kon, E., Sharma, P. & Peer, D. Endosomal escape: a bottleneck for LNP-mediated therapeutics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2307800120 (2024).
Akinc, A. et al. Focused supply of RNAi therapeutics with endogenous and exogenous ligand-based mechanisms. Mol. Ther. 18, 1357–1364 (2010).
Ezratty, E. J., Bertaux, C., Marcantonio, E. E. & Gundersen, G. G. Clathrin mediates integrin endocytosis for focal adhesion disassembly in migrating cells. J. Cell Biol. 187, 733–747 (2009).
Yin, B. et al. Sub-10 nm substrate roughness promotes the mobile uptake of nanoparticles by upregulating endocytosis-related genes. Nano Lett. 21, 1839–1847 (2021).
Wang, X. et al. Preparation of selective organ-targeting (SORT) lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) utilizing a number of technical strategies for tissue-specific mRNA supply. Nat. Protoc. 18, 265–291 (2023).
Cheng, Q. et al. Selective organ concentrating on (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA supply and CRISPR–Cas gene modifying. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 313–320 (2020).
