Clouds’ variety and fleeting nature pose challenges
To simulate precipitation, we should go to its supply: clouds. Clouds can exist at scales smaller than 100 meters, the scale of an athletic discipline — far under the kilometers-scale decision of world climate fashions, or the tens-of-kilometers–scale decision of world local weather fashions. Clouds come in numerous varieties, change shortly, and the intricate physics taking place at even smaller scales can generate water droplets or ice crystals. All this complexity is inconceivable for large-scale fashions to resolve or calculate.
To account for the impact of small-scale atmospheric processes like cloud formation on the local weather, fashions use approximations, known as parameterizations, that are primarily based on different variables. Reasonably than relying on these parameterizations, NeuralGCM makes use of a neural community to be taught the results of such small-scale occasions straight from present climate information.
We improved the illustration of precipitation on this model of our mannequin by coaching the ML portion of NeuralGCM straight on satellite-based precipitation observations. The preliminary providing of NeuralGCM was, like most ML climate fashions, skilled on recreations of earlier atmospheric circumstances, i.e., reanalyses, that mix physics-based fashions with observations to fill in gaps in observational information. However the physics of clouds is so complicated that even reanalyses wrestle to get precipitation proper. Coaching on output from reanalyses means reproducing their weaknesses, for instance, on precipitation extremes and the day by day cycle.
As an alternative, we skilled the precipitation a part of NeuralGCM straight on NASA satellite-based precipitation observations spanning from 2001 to 2018. NeuralGCM’s differential dynamical core infrastructure allowed us to coach it on satellite tv for pc observations. Earlier hybrid fashions that mix physics and AI may solely use output from high-fidelity simulations or reanalysis information. By coaching the AI part of NeuralGCM straight on high-quality satellite tv for pc observations as an alternative of counting on reanalyses, we’re successfully discovering a greater, machine-learned parameterization for precipitation.
