Iuliano, A. D. et al. Estimates of worldwide seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling examine. Lancet 391, 1285–1300 (2018).
Miller, I. F., Becker, A. D., Grenfell, B. T. & Metcalf, C. J. E. Illness and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in america. Nat. Med. 26, 1212–1217 (2020).
Flerlage, T., Boyd, D. F., Meliopoulos, V., Thomas, P. G. & Schultz-Cherry, S. Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses within the respiratory tract. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 425–441 (2021).
Fahy, J. V. & Dickey, B. F. Airway mucus operate and dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 2233–2247 (2010).
Ostedgaard, L. S. et al. Gel-forming mucins kind distinct morphologic constructions in airways. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 6842–6847 (2017).
Cho, H. Y. et al. Function for mucin-5AC in higher and decrease airway pathogenesis in mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 49, 1077–1099 (2021).
Roy, M. G. et al. Muc5b is required for airway defence. Nature 505, 412–416 (2014).
Zanin, M., Baviskar, P., Webster, R. & Webby, R. The interplay between respiratory pathogens and mucus. Cell Host Microbe 19, 159–168 (2016).
Russell, C. J., Hu, M. & Okda, F. A. Influenza hemagglutinin protein stability, activation, and pandemic threat. Traits Microbiol. 26, 841–853 (2018).
Vahey, M. D. & Fletcher, D. A. Influenza A virus floor proteins are organized to assist penetrate host mucus. eLife 8, e43764 (2019).
Matrosovich, M. N., Matrosovich, T. Y., Grey, T., Roberts, N. A. & Klenk, H. D. Neuraminidase is essential for the initiation of influenza virus an infection in human airway epithelium. J. Virol. 78, 12665–12667 (2004).
Walsh, P. S. et al. Affiliation of early oseltamivir with improved outcomes in hospitalized youngsters with influenza, 2007-2020. JAMA Pediatr. 176, e223261 (2022).
Wu, C. T. et al. SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelia requires motile cilia and microvillar reprogramming. Cell 186, 112–130 e120 (2023).
Hamers-Casterman, C. et al. Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of sunshine chains. Nature 363, 446–448 (1993).
Desmyter, A. et al. Crystal construction of a camel single-domain VH antibody fragment in complicated with lysozyme. Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 803–811 (1996).
Muyldermans, S. Nanobodies: pure single-domain antibodies. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 82, 775–797 (2013).
Kang, T. H. & Jung, S. T. Boosting therapeutic efficiency of antibodies by taming Fc area features. Exp. Mol. Med. 51, 1–9 (2019).
Chen, Z. S. et al. Influenza A virus H7 nanobody acknowledges a conserved immunodominant epitope on hemagglutinin head and confers heterosubtypic safety. Nat. Commun. 16, 432 (2025).
Hanke, L. et al. A bispecific monomeric nanobody induces spike trimer dimers and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Nat. Commun. 13, 155 (2022).
Berger, J. T., Voynow, J. A., Peters, Ok. W. & Rose, M. C. Respiratory carcinoma cell traces. MUC genes and glycoconjugates. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20, 500–510 (1999).
Kreft, M. E. et al. The characterization of the human cell line Calu-3 below totally different tradition situations and its use as an optimized in vitro mannequin to analyze bronchial epithelial operate. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 69, 1–9 (2015).
Malaker, S. A. et al. The mucin-selective protease StcE permits molecular and practical evaluation of human cancer-associated mucins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 7278–7287 (2019).
Alevy, Y. G. et al. IL-13-induced airway mucus manufacturing is attenuated by MAPK13 inhibition. J. Clin. Make investments. 122, 4555–4568 (2012).
Muyldermans, S. A information to: era and design of nanobodies. FEBS J. 288, 2084–2102 (2021).
McMahon, C. et al. Yeast floor show platform for speedy discovery of conformationally selective nanobodies. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 25, 289–296 (2018).
Zhang, Y. et al. Hedgehog pathway activation by way of nanobody-mediated conformational blockade of the patched sterol conduit. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 28838–28846 (2020).
Brown, R. L., Sequeira, R. P. & Clarke, T. B. The microbiota protects in opposition to respiratory an infection through GM-CSF signaling. Nat. Commun. 8, 1512 (2017).
Jordan, C. Ok. I. & Clarke, T. B. How does the microbiota management systemic innate immunity?. Traits Immunol. 45, 94–102 (2024).
Blazejewska, P. et al. Pathogenicity of various PR8 influenza A virus variants in mice is set by each viral and host components. Virology 412, 36–45 (2011).
Port, J. R. et al. SARS-CoV-2 illness severity and transmission effectivity is elevated for airborne in comparison with fomite publicity in Syrian hamsters. Nat. Commun. 12, 4985 (2021).
Morens, D. M., Taubenberger, J. Ok. & Fauci, A. S. Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and different respiratory viruses. Cell Host Microbe 31, 146–157 (2023).
Lavelle, E. C. & Ward, R. W. Mucosal vaccines—fortifying the frontiers. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 236–250 (2022).
McMahan, Ok. et al. Mucosal boosting enhances vaccine safety in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques. Nature 626, 385–391 (2024).
Ye, T. et al. Inhaled SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for single-dose dry powder aerosol immunization. Nature 624, 630–638 (2023).
Lillehoj, E. P., Kato, Ok., Lu, W. & Kim, Ok. C. Mobile and molecular biology of airway mucins. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 303, 139–202 (2013).
Ehre, C. et al. Overexpressing mouse mannequin demonstrates the protecting function of Muc5ac within the lungs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 16528–16533 (2012).
Guo, Y. et al. Pharmaceutical methods to increase pulmonary publicity of inhaled medicines. Acta Pharm. Sin B 11, 2565–2584 (2021).
Keller, L. A., Merkel, O. & Popp, A. Intranasal drug supply: alternatives and toxicologic challenges throughout drug growth. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 12, 735–757 (2022).
Famta, P. et al. Albumin-hitchhiking: fostering the pharmacokinetics and anticancer therapeutics. J. Management. Launch 353, 166–185 (2023).
Hu, H., Quintana, J., Weissleder, R., Parangi, S. & Miller, M. Deciphering albumin-directed drug supply by imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 185, 114237 (2022).
Markov, P. V. et al. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 361–379 (2023).
Halfmann, P. J. et al. Efficacy of vaccination and former an infection in opposition to the Omicron BA.1 variant in Syrian hamsters. Cell Rep. 39, 110688 (2022).
Dewald, F. et al. Impaired humoral immunity to BQ.1.1 in convalescent and vaccinated sufferers. Nat. Commun. 14, 2835 (2023).
Huang, X. et al. Nanotechnology-based methods in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1027–1037 (2022).
Shin, M. D. et al. COVID-19 vaccine growth and a possible nanomaterial path ahead. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 646–655 (2020).
Crawford, Ok. H. D. et al. Protocol and reagents for pseudotyping lentiviral particles with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for neutralization assays. Viruses 12, 513 (2020).
Harcourt, J. et al. Extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from affected person with coronavirus illness, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 1266–1273 (2020).
O’Donnell, Ok. L. et al. Pathogenic and transcriptomic variations of rising SARS-CoV-2 variants within the Syrian golden hamster mannequin. EBioMedicine 73, 103675 (2021).
van Doremalen, N. et al. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. Nature 586, 578–582 (2020).
Meyerholz, D. Ok. & Beck, A. P. Histopathologic analysis and scoring of viral lung an infection. Strategies Mol. Biol. 2099, 205–220 (2020).
